The House
of Peter: The Home of Jesus in Capernaum?
an article
by the Biblical Archaeology Society Staff
in
the 10 October 2024 issue of Bible
History Daily
How the remnants of the humble dwelling of Jesus in Capernaum illuminate how Christianity began...
For much of his adult life, the home of
Jesus was in Capernaum, a small fishing village on the Sea of Galilee. It
was here during the infancy of early Christianity that he began his ministry in the town synagogue [Mark 1.21], recruited
his first disciples [Mark 1.16-20], and became renowned for his power to heal the sick and the infirm [Mark 3.1-5].
Early travelers to the site had long recognized
the beautifully preserved remains of the ancient synagogue that many believe marked the site, if not the actual building,
of Jesus’ earliest teaching. But an important detail of how Christianity
began still remained shrouded in mystery: Where in the town had Jesus actually
lived? Where was the house of Peter, which the Bible suggests was the home
of Jesus in Capernaum [Matthew 8.14-16]?
Italian excavators working in Capernaum may have actually uncovered the remnants of the humble house
of Peter that Jesus called home while in Capernaum. This house of Peter was
one of the first Biblical archaeology discoveries reported in Biblical Archaeological Review more than 25 years ago.
Buried beneath the remains of an octagonal
Byzantium martyrium church, excavators found the ruins of a rather mundane dwelling dating to the first century BC.
Although slightly larger than most, the
house was simple, with coarse walls and a roof of earth and straw. Like most
early Roman-period houses, it consisted of a few small rooms clustered around two open courtyards.
Despite later proving to be one of the most exciting Biblical archaeology discoveries, the house appeared quite ordinary. According to the excavators, however, it is what happened to the house after the
1st century AD that
marked it as exceptional, and most likely to have been the house of Peter, the home of Jesus in Capernaum.
In the years immediately following Jesus’
death, the function of the house changed dramatically. The house’s
main room was completely plastered over from floor to ceiling – a rarity for houses of the day.
At about the same time, the house’s pottery, which had previously been household cooking pots and bowls, now
consisted entirely of large storage jars and oil lamps. Such radical alterations
indicate that the house no longer functioned as a residence but instead had become a place of communal gatherings, possibly
even the first Christian gatherings, a key factor in how Christianity began. As
with many Biblical archaeology discoveries, often the small details most convincingly tie the ancient material remains to
Biblical events and characters.
For instance, the
excavators found that during the ensuing centuries, the plastered
room from the original house had been renovated into the central hall
of a rudimentary church. The room’s old stone walls were buttressed
by a newly built two-story arch that, in turn, supported a new stone roof. The
room was even re-plastered and painted over with floral and geometric designs of various colors.
The building’s key role in understanding
how Christianity began was confirmed by more than a hundred graffiti scratched into the church’s walls.
Most of the inscriptions say things like “Lord Jesus Christ
help thy servant” or “Christ have mercy.” They are written
in Greek, Syriac, or Hebrew, and are sometimes accompanied by etchings of small crosses or, in
one case, a boat. The excavators claim that the name of Peter is
mentioned in several graffiti, although many scholars now dispute these readings.
This simple church building, helpful in determining how Christianity began, survived
for more than 300 years before it was finally replaced in the fifth century by a well-built octagonal martyrium church. Octagonal martyria we built to commemorate an important site, such as the original
house of Peter that once stood here. The inner sanctum of the octagonal
building was built directly above the remains of the very room of the first-century house that had formed the central hall
of the earlier church.
Biblical archaeology
discoveries are not cut-and-dry cases. Though there
is no definitive proof in this instance that the house ruin uncovered
by the excavators actually is the ancient house of Peter, there is layer upon
layer of circumstantial evidence to support its importance in early Christianity and its association with Jesus in Capernaum
and his foremost disciple, Peter. Were it not for its association with Jesus
and Peter, why else would a run-of-the-mill first century house in Capernaum have become a focal point of Christian worship
and identity for centuries to come?